Sociology
Which sociologist is known for developing the concept of "primary" and "secondary" deviance?
A.
Howard Becker
B.
Edwin Sutherland
C.
Travis Hirschi
D.
Emile Durkheim
What is the main focus of control theory in relation to deviance?
A.
How social structures create opportunities for deviance
B.
The role of social bonds in preventing deviant behavior
C.
The impact of labelling on individuals identity
D.
The biological causes of deviance
Which theory posits that individuals engage in deviance when they experience a disconnect between societal goals and the means to achieve them?
A.
Labelling Theory
B.
Strain Theory
C.
Control Theory
D.
Conflict Theory
What does the term "moral panic" refer to?
A.
A widespread fear about a particular group or behavior
B.
The normalization of deviant behaviors in society
C.
The process of labelling individuals as deviant
D.
The acceptance of deviance as a cultural norm
According to Edwin Sutherland's Differential Association Theory, deviance is learned through:
A.
Genetic Predisposition
B.
Socialization in primary groups
C.
Biological factors
D.
Media influence
Which perspective views deviance as a natural part of society that can promote social cohesion?
A.
Symbolic Interactionism
B.
Social-Conflict Theory
C.
Structural-Functionalism
D.
Labeling Theory
What is considered a deviant act?
A.
An action that is accepted in all cultures
B.
Any behaviors that is illegal
C.
A behavior that violates societal norms
D.
A behavior that is socially approved
How does globalization affect perceptions of deviance?
A.
It creates uniform definitions of acceptable behavior worldwide
B.
It has no impact on cultural definitions of deviance
C.
It leads to increased cultural diversity, altering definitions and perceptions of what is considered deviant
D.
It reduces the instances of deviance globally
Which perspective emphasizes the role of power and inequality in defining what is considered deviant?
A.
Structural-Functionalism
B.
Symbolic Interactionism
C.
Social-Conflict Theory
D.
Biological Perspective
Cultural transmission theory suggests that:
A.
Deviant behavior is inherited genetically
B.
Individuals learn deviant behaviors through interactions with others
C.
All societies have the same definitions of deviance
D.
Deviance is only a product of economic inequality
The medicalization of deviance refers to:
A.
Treating all forms of deviance as criminal acts
B.
Redefining certain behaviors as medical conditions rather than moral failures
C.
Increasing the number of laws regulating behavior
D.
Ignoring the causes of deviant behavior entirely
Which of the following is an example of informal social control?
A.
Laws enforced by the government
B.
Peer pressure to conform to group norms
C.
School regulations
D.
Police intervention
What is Labeling Theory?
A.
The idea that all behaviors are learned through social interactions
B.
The belief that deviance is determined by biological factors
C.
The concept that being labeled as deviant can lead to further deviant behavior
D.
The theory that crime rates are influenced by economic status
What does Merton's Strain Theory propose?
A.
Deviance arises from biological factors
B.
Individuals engage in deviance when they cannot achieve societal goals through legitimate means
C.
All individuals are inherently deviant
D.
Deviance is solely a result of labeling by society
According to Hirschi's Social Bond Theory, which factors is NOT considered a bond that prevents deviance?
A.
Attachment to others
B.
Commitment to conventional activities
C.
Involvement in illegal activities
D.
Belief in societal norms
Which theory suggests that deviance is a natural part of society?
A.
Social Bond theory
B.
Strain Theory
C.
Structural-Functionalism
D.
Labeling Theory
What is considered deviance in sociology?
A.
Any behavior that is illegal
B.
Behavior that violets societal norms
C.
Actions that are universally accepted
D.
Behavior that is approved by authority figures
In which type of organization do individuals have little control over their environment or decisions?
A.
Bureaucracy
B.
Primary group
C.
Informal organization
D.
Network
What is the main focus of collective behavior studies?
A.
Individual motivation
B.
Group dynamics in formal organizations
C.
Spontaneous actions taken by groups during specific events
D.
Long-term social structures
Which term describes the phenomenon where individuals exert less effort when working in a group compared to when they work individually?
A.
Social facilitation
B.
Social loafing
C.
Group polarization
D.
Role Strain
What does "deindividuation" refer to in a group context?
A.
Increased self-awareness in social situations
B.
Loss of self-awareness and individuals accountability in groups
C.
Enhanced individual identity through group membership
D.
Strengthening personal values through group interactions
Which type of organization is characterized by a focus on efficiency, predictability, and control?
A.
Informal organization
B.
bureaucracy
C.
Primary group
D.
Community organization
In terms of group size, what effects does increasing size have on group dynamics?
A.
It enhances intimacy among members
B.
It decreases the likelihood of conformity
C.
It can lead to more complex interactions and potential conflicts
D.
It simplifies decision-making processes
What is meant by "social capital"?
A.
The financial resources available to an individual
B.
The networks and relationships that facilitate social interaction
C.
The physical assets owned by an organization
D.
The cultural knowledge possessed by individuals
Which type of leadership style encourages participation and input from group members?
A.
Authoritarian leadership
B.
Laissez-faire leadership
C.
Democratic leadership
D.
Transactional leadership